“Just War Theory” (JWT) is a branch of philosophy that attempts to describe what actions in war are just under particular circumstances. ‘Traditional’ just war theory maintains a strict separation between the justice of going to war (jus ad bellum) and conduct in war (jus in bello), and treats all combatants as morally equal regardless of their cause. "Revisionist" just war theory focuses on individual moral responsibility, arguing that only those fighting for a just cause can be morally justified.

Over the 21st century, several major canons of art have emerged to represent the African-American experience. Exceptionalist art, such as "Napoleon Leading the Army Over the Alps" and "President Barack Obama" by Kehinde Wiley, have placed modern black figures in positions of political power / luxury / historical influence. By contrast, realist art like Amy Sherald's "Breonna Taylor Portrait" and "a single man in possession of a good fortune” have chosen to try to portray black figures in average settings—eating ice cream, at the beach, or simply dressed in modern clothes and staring directly at the viewer.

In a minimal state, a government's role is exclusively to protect property rights and people's physical security. Beyond this, such a state would not intervene in people's lives, or provide any public services.